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WOODCOLLIERS
and
CHARCOAL BURNING
by
LYN ARMSTRONG

© Copyright
Lyn Armstrong
1978

Published jointly by
COACH PUBLISHING HOUSE LTD
HORSHAM, SUSSEX
and
THE WEALD AND DOWNLAND OPEN AIR MUSEUM
SINGLETON, SUSSEX

ISBN 0 905259 05 X

Card-backed paperback in VG condition published in 1978 - 96 printed pages - size: 5½" x 8½" approx
Includes black and white photographs and illustrations - minor shelfwear to covers - all pages clean and binding tight
In nice bright condition

Frontispiece:
Charcoal Burners, c. 1890. Brushwood screens — tied in faggots shelter the kiln from wind. A charcoal burner's barrow forms a seat for one of the men. The wood to be charred is pointed at the ends so that it does not form a seal with the ground.

Acknowledgements
Introduction      7
The Charcoal Burning Life   13
Hut Building    31
The Charcoal Kiln    41
The Yield and its Value   74
New Times, New Methods   79
Uses and By-Products   90
Appendix: Charcoal as a Filter Why does it Work?  91
Notes     93
Bibliography    95

Frontispiece
The great heat generated, melted ore which formed on hearth for forging and shaping
1. Diagram of a bloomery
(By courtesy of Mr. F. Holmes)
DIAGRAMS
1. Diagram of a bloomery (by courtesy of Mr. F. Holmes).
2a, b, c. Cumbrian hut construction, side elevation, section and ground plan by Mr. J. Allonby.
3. Ground plan of a "living cabin", Cumbria, by Mr. J. Allonby.
4. Frame and ground plan of a "charcoal burner's cabin", Cumbria, by Mr. J. Allonby.
5. Cross section of a Cumbrian kiln, by Mr. A. W. Norris.
6. & 7. Mr. J. Allonby's tools.
8. Diagram of a metal kiln, by courtesy of Messrs. Kings Fuels, Edenbridge, Kent.

PLATES
Cover. Charcoal burners in Epping Forest. c. 1879. (Mansell Collection).
Frontispiece. Charcoal kiln building. c. 1890. By permission of the Museum of English Rural Life, Reading.
I. Hut construction, setting up the poles. Weald & Downland Open Air Museum, Singleton, Sussex.
2. Hut construction, covering with sacks and turf.
3. The turf hut complete.
4. Bed inside the hut.
5. Huts, c. 1890; perhaps in the Slindon area (Sussex). Museum of English Rural Life, Reading.
6. Turf hut in the Wyre Forest. (Museum of English Rural Life).
7. Turf hut in Essex. (Photo. Hazeldine Warren, Museum of English Rural Life).
8. Bark peelers' hut, Cumbria.
9. Charcoal burners' hut, Ickenthwaite. (Photo. J. R. M. Lynne, 1972).
10. "Living hut", Statterthwaite. (Photo. S. Hanna, 1974).
11. Triangular flue commenced. Weald & Downland Museum.
12. Illustration to "SyIva" by John Evelyn.
13. Kiln with outer wood in place. Weald & Downland Museum.
14. Illustration of unknown origin, possibly 18th century and probably central European. (Radio Times, Hutton Picture Library).
15. Burning kiln in Kenya. (Photo. P. Fordham).
16. Core of long kiln in Kenya. (Photo. P. Fordham).
17. Engraving showing kiln building, probably 18th century. (Mansell Collection).
18. Engraving showing kiln building, probably 18th century. (Mansell Collection).
19. Flue at Blist Hill Museum, Coalbrookdale. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
20. Kiln at Gutach Open Air Museum, Black Forest. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
21. Kiln at Open Air Museum, Maria Saal, Austria. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
22. Detail of central flue of kiln at Maria Saal, Austria. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
23. A partly covered kiln, 1939, Petworth district, perhaps at Burton. (By permission of G. G. Garland).
24. A start to a central flue, Wyre Forest. (Mansell Collection).
25. Kiln with "motty-peg" flue, Statterthwaite. (Photo. S. Hanna).
26. The Ickenthwaite demonstration. (Photo. J. Salmon).
27. Charcoal burners lighting up, Forest of Dean. (Mansell Collection).
28. Dressing the stack, Weald & Downland Museum, 1972. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
29. Sealing the stack, Statterthwaite. (Photo. S. Hanna).
30. A smoking kiln, Weald & Downland Museum. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
31. A smoking kiln of the 1890s. (Museum of English Rural Life).
32. Charcoal burning in Kent, c. 1950. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
33. Charcoal burner raking the pit, Wyre Forest. (Mansell Collection).
34. An artist's impression of charcoal burning. (Radio Times, Hutton Picture Library).
35. Charcoal burners, Ambleside. (Radio Times, Hutton Picture Library).
36. Sorting charcoal at the Weald & Downland Museum. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
37. Using a rib shovel. (Photo. "Portsmouth News").
38. Charcoal burning, c. 1890, showing a curved ladder. (Museum of English Rural Life).
39. Two drawings of the retort at Faversham gunpowder factory.
40. Metal structure of central flue for metal kiln burning at the plant of the Sussex Charcoal Burning Company at Charlton, nr. Singleton, in 1938. (Coll. G. G. Garland).
41. Retaining cage being put around wood to be charred with smoking kilns in the background at Charlton. (Coll. G. G. Garland).
42. As above, removing the outer covering by pulley - it can then be slid along the scaffolding for use at another point. (Coll. G. G. Garland).
43. Metal kiln at Heyshott Common, 1970. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
44. Metal kilns at Heyshott Common, 1970. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
45. Kilns seen in Morocco, 1957. (Photo. J. R. Armstrong).
46. Charcoal burning in the Alps. (Mansell Collection).

270g

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