Newnes TELEVISION & VIDEO Engineer's Pocket Book - 1988

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NEWNES
TELEVISION
and VIDEO ENGINEER'S
POCKET BOOK
Eugene Trundle
MSERT, MRTS, MISTC

A Heinemann Newnes Book

First published 1987
Reprinted 1987, 1988

© William Heinemann Ltd 1987

Hardback book in VG condition - 323 printed pages - size: 4½" x 7¾" approx
Name in blue pen on inside front cover. With B&W photographs, illustrations, schematics etc
Illustrated glossy board covers are clean - all pages clean and binding tight

Newnes Television and Video Engineer's Pocket Book is an invaluable reference source for practitioners in 'entertainment' electronic equipment — in all its guises. The wide-ranging text covers TV reception from VHF to SHF, display tubes, colour camera technology, videorecorder and videodisc equipment, videotext and hi-fi sound (with picture) systems.
Without neglecting the basic theory, the emphasis is on modern equipment: frequency-synthesis tuning, satellite-dish head-ends, single-tube colour cameras, Video 8 tape format, depth-multiplex sound and digital servo systems. A long chapter describes test instruments, fault-finding and repair techniques, illustrating the points made with off-screen photographs.
'A thoroughly up-to-date reference book on domestic TV/Video systems is very welcome and this book fulfils its aims admirably ... The range of subject matter covered is astonishing ... This book will serve as a handy, practical reference source and will not stray far from the workbench.' Television
'A gem of a book ... can be used by service engineers throughout the world.' Elektor Electronics

Contents
preface vi
1 TV and video waveforms and standards 1
2 Aerials and receivers 27
3 Tubes for picture pick-up and display 46
4 TV cameras and colour encoding 63
5 TV signal processing 85
6 Teletext and viewdata 101
7 Timebase circuits 111
8 Power supply systems 131
9 Video on magnetic tape 151
10 Videorecorder signal processing 171
11 Servo systems 193
12 Videorecorder deck control 208
13 Audio record and playback 225
14 Tape deck mechanics and servicing 238
15 Video disc technology 256
16 Control systems 269
17 Test equipment and fault diagnosis 281
18 Reference data 305
Index 315

Preface
The purpose of this book is to present a reasonably full picture of the systems, formats and technology of contemporary TV and video equipment, primarily for the practising service engineer. Recent years have seen tremendous diversification of home entertainment and educational products; embodied in them are techniques and artifices drawn from all branches of electronics, as well as high-precision mechanics. The engineer is expected to take all of them in his stride.
Like the equipment it describes, the book contains a unique mixture of analogue and digital systems. Few chapters are completely devoid of references to digital techniques, and Chapter 16 is wholly devoted to them — such are the trends in consumer equipment. When the picture-display tube finally appears in 'flat' form (and tube-type camera image sensors are rapidly being ousted by flat MOS/CCD devices) the TV receiver and the monitor will become almost wholly digital in their operation, and at that point all the textbooks will have to be rewritten.. . .
My thanks are due, as on many past occasions, to the UK and Irish broadcasting authorities; to Mullard and the equipment manufacturers; and others, all of whom supplied data and diagrams to assist in the preparation of the book. Again my wife Anne provided invaluable moral support and expertly typed the manuscript.
As a full-time service engineer, I can strongly identify with the readers of this book. Few people appreciate what is involved in fault-diagnosis and servicing of modern equipment, or the struggles and problems it brings — not all of which arise from the equipment itself! The book, then, is dedicated to service engineers everywhere, who are daily expected to competently deal with lasers and LOPTs, microvolts and kilovolts, data buses and dirty switch contacts, camcorders and convergence.
Eugene Trundle, Hastings, East Sussex

Index
ACC, 89, 94, 96, 178, 190
Acknowledge, 278, 279
A-D convertor, 215, 224, 235, 282
Adder, 66, 90, 106, 177, 184, 267
Add matrix, 63
Address, 270
Address bus, 217
Addresses, 313
Adjacent carrier, 35
Aerial colour codes, 16 AFC, 32, 276
AGC, 32, 77, 89, 125, 171, 229, 231, 267, 273, 292, 296
Aiming voltage, 172
 A1GaAs, 268
Alignment tape, 188, 248, 250
Aluminising, 47
AM, 7, 64
Aperture corrector, 67
Aperture grille, 54
APS, 209
Artificial syncs, 168
Assemble edit, 219
Astable, 113, 172, 231
Astigmatic lens, 261
ATF, 156, 161, 164, 198, 199
Auto cut off, 97
Auto editor, 280
Auto focus, 80, 193
Auto iris, 77, 193
Auto white balance, 75
Auxiliary head, 170
AVO, 282
AV switch, 119
Azimuth, 158, 161, 166, 170, 177, 227, 244, 249, 250
Bandswitching, 41
Background control, 87
Back porch, 3, 68, 89
Back space edit, 219
Back tension, 153, 250, 251
Back-up battery, 274
Balanced modulator, 64
Bandpass:
filter, 68, 159
shaping, 34, 43
Bandwidth, 1, 28, 30, 63, 93, 151, 159, 178, 235, 256, 283
Batteries, 131, 148, 211
BBC, 10, 101, 314
BEAB, 281, 291
Beam current, 131, 289
Beam index tube, 81
Beat, 32, 42, 61, 173, 180, 188, 189
Bell filter, 97
Belts, 206, 224, 251, 292
Betamax, 154, 161, 165, 166, 184, 190, 198, 227, 232, 238, 244, 247, 252, 255
Beta II and III, 165
Betamovie, 166, 238, 242
Bias, 151, 159, 295
Bi-directional bus, 218
Binary code, 40, 106
Bi-phase, 272
Bistable, 89, 103
Bit-rate, 101, 235
Black current, 97
Black level, 66, 93, 171
Blanking, 3, 66, 79, 87, 106, 164, 209, 264, 298
BLC, 77, 78
Blocking oscillator, 134, 145, 148
Bootstrap, 114
Brakes, 213, 255
Breathing, 122
Broadcasters, 314
Bruch blanking, 79, 266
BS415, 281, 291
Burst:
emphasis, 186
flag, 69, 79
gating, 65, 88, 94, 178, 302
insertion, 65, 100, 263
CAD, 280
Camcorder, 82
Camera pause, 82
Capacitors, 306
Capstan, 153, 193, 211, 244, 248
Carrier, 7, 159
frequencies, 16
leak, 69, 189, 192
Cassette, 209, 238, 243
lamp, 209, 224
Castellations, 286, 302
Cathode, 46
CAV, 257, 265
CCD, 26, 60, 81
CCIR 40, 45
CD, 268
Ceefax, 101
Ceramic:
filter, 37, 224
resonator, 270
Chapter code, 265
Character:
generator, 34, 82, 101, 103, 268
rounding, 103
Chopper, 116, 125, 134, 150, 285
Chroma:
amplifier, 88
clipping, 78
emphasis, 186
signal, 6, 63, 88, 171
Citac, 276
Clamping, 25, 66, 79, 87, 93, 100, 125, 177, 278, 292
diode, 121
Class:
AB, 85
B, 113, 173
D, 116
Clean edit, 218
Cleaning, 248, 293
Clipper, 172, 186, 231
Clock, 78, 102, 104, 105, 199,
212, 224, 231, 278
Clutch, 213, 244, 251
CLV, 257, 265
C-MOS, 303
C/N ratio, 24, 231
Co-ax, 27, 28, 43, 308
Coherence, 259
Collimator lens, 260
Colour:
bars, 189, 190, 250, 286, 301
burst, 6, 63, 88, 182
code, 305
decoding, 87
-difference signals, 63, 75, 91, 94
filter, 60
fit, 302
killer, 89, 93, 96, 178, 182, 190, 267
temperature, 75, 76 tube, 48
-under, 98, 160, 166, 175, 177, 186
Compact disc, 268
Companding, 10, 233
Compatibility, 256
Complimentary colours, 101
Complimentary pair, 113
Compressor, 229
Computer, 96, 279, 289
Confetti, 89, 190
Constant current, 112
Constant slope, 196
Contour enhancer, 67
Control head, 243, 249
Control track, 161, 165, 177, 198, 204, 218, 220
Convergence, 51
Conversion filter, 75
Conversions (sound), 45
Correlation, 183
detector, 186
Corruption, 296
Counter, 179, 199, 285
CPU, 211
Cramping (field), 129
Crispener, 176
Cross-colour 23, 302
Cross-interleave code, 236
Crosshatch, 286, 301
Cross-luminance, 23
Cross modulation, 32
Crossover distortion, 114
Crosstalk, 72, 158, 162, 163, 177, 179, 182, 186, 219, 227
Crystal, 78, 105, 197, 285
filter, 61
oscillator, 92, 182, 191
Cue, 204, 209, 265
CVBS, 6, 65, 67, 79, 82, 88, 171, 177, 178, 185, 265, 278, 308
D-A convertor, 77, 276
Dark current, 59
Data:
bus, 218, 289
corruption, 104
slicer, 104
switch, 101
transmission, 4, 212, 269
D2B, 278
DBS, 21
DC-DC convertor, 79, 148
Decibels (dB), 27, 308, 310
Deck faults, 255
Decoding, 87
De-emphasis, 175, 232
Deflection, 47, 1 1 I
angle, 46
centre, 51, 52
Degauss coil, 291
Delay line, 65, 67, 70, 88, 90, 93, 97, 175, 183, 267, 296
Demodulator, 37, 91, 94, 100, 175, 232, 295
Depth multiplex, 225
Deviation, 23, 166, 172, 231, 234, 265
Dew detector, 210
Diagnosis, 83, 289, 291, 302
Dial gauge, 248
Dielectric resonator, 42
Differential phase, 65, 89
Differentiator, 118, 175
Digital:
meter, 282
servo, 199
sound, 10
DIN, 312
Diode: modulator, 122
-split, 124
Dipole, 27, 29
Direct drive, 204, 244
Dish, SHF, 21, 29, 193
Distribution amplifier, 29
DMM, 283
Dot matrix, 103, 106
Double limiter, 175
Doubler, 123
Double superhet, 42
DQPSK, 10
Drive control, 87
Dropout, 188, 232, 236, 247, 267
compensator, 175, 232, 234, 245
Dry joints, 130
DTF, 156, 158, 161, 165, 198, 199
Dual loop, 197
Dub, 209
Duty cycle, 116, 134, 137, 175, 272, 288
Dynamic convergence, 52
Dynamic focus, 73
Dynamic range, 59, 229, 232, 236
EBU, 301
Eccentricity, 248
Edit controller, 280
EHT, 47, 55, 122, 130, 289, 291, 298
Eject, 209
Electron:
gun, 49, 57
lens, 55
Encoding, 6, 64
Energy dispersal, 25
Enhancement, 26, 267
Envelope pattern, 245, 252
Erase oscillator, 209
Error voltage, 194
ETP I, 301
Euroconnector, 312
EVF, 81
E-W controls, 122
Expander, 212, 232
Eyeheight, 104, 256
Fan-out, 221
Feedback, 115, 141, 243, 292,
Feeder, 28, 104, 297, 308
FET, 41, 66
FG, 195, 200, 202, 206, 292
Field:
oscillator, 112
output stage, 113
Filter, 171, 173, 176, 178, 180, 188, 229, 231, 262, 270, 274
Fine tune, 41
Flicker, 2, 188, 190, 245 Flutter, 202, 244
Flyback, 3, 79, 87, 112, 114, 119, 123, 126
booster, 116
Flying erase head, 220, 242
Flywheel sync, 5, 117, 119, 125 138, 298
FM, 22, 43, 151, 159, 172
Focusing, 47, 57, 61, 73, 79, 124, 261, 286
Fold over, 129
Formats, 156
Formulae, 306
Frame, 2, 169
Framing code, 102
Freeze frame, 167, 204
Frequency:
counter, 188, 190, 285
discrimination, 72
doubler, 175 multiplex, 233
response, 85, 152, 173, 189
spectrum, 159, 173, 266 -
synthesis tuning, 39, 269, 276 v wavelength, 307
Friction, 153 Fringing, 301
Front/back ratio, 27
Front porch, 3 FSS, 21
Full erase head, 243
F-V converter, 195 318
GaAs FET, 42
Gamma correction, 66, 93, 186
Gating, 179
Genlock, 79, 198
Ghost, 296, 302
Graticule, 283
Grating, 259
Grey-scale, 87, 97, 186, 301
Grid, 46, 85
Group delay, 34
Guard band, 158
Hall- effect, IC 202, 210, 224
Hamming code, 106
Hanover bars, 89
Harmonics, 173, 286
Head:
cleaning, 247
drum, 152, 165, 193, 206, 244
gap, 152, 244
preamplifier, 167, 173, 188
switching, 164, 167, 295
Header row, 102
Helical scan, 153, 193, 243
He Ne laser, 259
Heterodyne, 177, 180
Hi Fi sound, 10, 154, 228
Highlights, 79, 87
Hirose plug, 83
Hot air gun, 303
Hue, 6, 63, 65, 72, 79, 88, 89,
159, 178, 263, 302
IBA, 10, 101, 314 I2
C bus, 276
Ident, 65, 89, 96 IF, 30, 33, 302
amplifier, 34, 295
Image:
frequency, 30 plane, 52
Impedance roller, 243
Implosion, 56
Infra-red, 62, 81, 269
Insert edit, 220
Insulation tester, 291
Integrator, 118, 134
Interactive video, 296, 279
Intercarrier, 37, 44, 45
Interchange, 188
Interfacing, 211, 220, 278, 279
Interference, 23, 45, 119, 175, 224
Interlace, 2, 169
Intermittent faults, 302
Ions, 47
I/O ports, 212, 274
Iris, 77
Isolation, 144, 148, 149, 281
PP
Jitter, 119, 159, 177, 180, 182, 185, 264
Judder, 169
Kelvin, 75
Key:
priorities, 221, 222 -scan, 215, 270, 275
Keystone, 122
Kick-start, 133, 150
Lag, 59
Laservision, 256, 279
Latch, 199, 218, 289
Lecher lines, 30
LED, 34, 59, 82, 211, 221, 270, 288
Lens cap, 75
Lenses, 62, 80
Lighthouse, 50
Limiter, 175
Linearity, 122
Line:
driver, 119
output stage, 120
timebase, 117
Lissajous figure, 104
Loading:
end sensors, 210, 224, 239
ring, 239
LOCMOS, 274
Logarithmic amplifier, 229
Logic:
analyser, 289
probe, 224, 288
LOPT, 121, 130, 148, 149, 299
LP, 156, 165, 201, 204, 211, 225, 250
LSI, 39, 83, 101, 104, 199, 202
Lubrication, 249
Lucy, 108
Luminance, 6, 59, 63, 75, 159. 171, 295, 301
Lux, 75, 76, 77
MAC, 23, 44, 63, 235
Macro, 80
Magnetic flux, 120, 137, 151
Mains voltage, 21, 44
Mark-space ratio, 175
Matrix, 89, 93, 94
Matrixed faceplate, 60
MATV, 21, 29
Memory, 24
Metal tapes, 160, 233
Microprocessor, 77, 108, 206.
210, 212, 268, 274
Microscope, 291
Mid-point voltage, 114
Mirror, 81
Mixer, 29, 178, 191
Modem, 108
Mode switch, 210, 249
Modulation, 6
index, 151
Modulator, 7, 68, 172, 188, 286
Monostable, 175, 194, 200, 285 MOS, 60
Motors, 202, 244, 249
MTF, 267
Multiburst, 286, 302
Multimeter, 282
Multiple image, 296
Multivibrator, 113, 172, 175, 194, 206, 231
Muting, 177, 206, 211, 233, 249
M-wrap, 238, 245, 252
ND filter, 76, 291
Neck magnets, 51, 53
Negative:
feedback, 85
modulation, 8
Newsflash, 106
Newvicon, 60, 62, 66, 77
Noise, 29, 104, 119, 151, 161, 175, 176, 290
bars, 164, 168, 204, 293 -reduction, 165, 177, 234
Non-linear emphasis, 172
Non-volatile memory, 41, 108
Notch filter, 37, 93
NRZ, 101
NTSC, 11, 23, 63, 65, 91, 96, 98, 223
`NTSC 4.43', 21, 165
Objective lens, 261, 268
Octave, 151
OEM, 281, 291, 292, 303
Offset azimuth, 158
Omega wrap, 241
Op-amp, 217
Optocoupler, 243
Oracle, 101
Orthagonal scanning, 57
Oscilloscope, 104, 111, 129, 149,189, 224, 237, 245, 250, 252, 283, 289
Output ports, 110
Overscan, 300
Overshoot, 172
Overwriting, 168, 220, 278
Page memory, 103
PAL, 6, 22, 63, 65, 159, 268, -B, 45
Panoramic monitor, 288
Parallel data, 274, 276, 289
Parity, 10, 236, 279
Pause, 209, 211, 218
PC boards, 83, 221, 291, 302, 303
PCM, 156, 164, 235, 268, 269 PDA, 285
Peritel, 312
Persistence of vision, 1
PG, 197, 198, 206, 224, 231, 245
Phase, 63, 177, 178, 266
control, 194
detector, 89, 182, 193, 194
Phasors, 69, 89
Phosphor, 47, 49
Photoconductive tube, 57
Photodiode, 62, 81, 259, 261, 265, 274
Picture code, 264
Picture elements, 1, 62, 91, 103
Piezo bar, 162, 168, 199
Pilot:
burst, 185, 190
tones, 10, 161, 164, 229
PIN diode, 32
Pit track, 259, 268
PLL, 39, 43, 79, 91, 94, 105, 118, 165, 179, 182, 232, 234
Plug/socket pinning, 312
Plumbicon, 59, 60
Polar diagram, 28
Polarised light, 260
Port expansion, 217
Power cut, 211
Power dissipation, 306
Pre-emphasis, 97, 172, 186, 229
Prescaler, 39, 285
Pressure roller, 213, 244, 249
Prestel, 85, 108, 274, 279
Primary colours, 50, 66, 101
Prism, 81, 260
Probe, 29, 224, 288
Programmable divider, 39, 185
Primary energy source, 131
Protection, 140, 144, 146, 149, 300
PSK, 25
Pumping, 129
Purity, 51, 55, 286
PWM, 140, 200, 265
QPF, 209
Q-trimmer, 175
Quadrature, 37, 45, 88, 92
Quantisation, 235, 268
Rabbet, 153, 154, 161, 168, 243, 244, 253, 293
Radial mirror, 260
RAM 41, 103, 106, 212, 264, 269, 274, 276
Ramp, 112, 194, 204, 298
Raster, 47, 58
RC5 system, 272
Reactance, 307
Reactivating tubes, 56
Reactivation, 289
Record:
switch point, 165, 194, 202, 295
tab, 209, 224
Reel idler, 213, 249
Reference light source, 291
Reference oscillator, 88
Reflections, 104, 296
Registration, 51, 251
Regulation, 134
Rejection notch, 35
Remote control, 82, 211, 212, k 217, 269
Reset, 212, 224, 276
Resistors, 305
Response curve (IF), 35
Retardation plate, 260
Review, 204, 209, 245
RGB signals, 85, 87, 92, 96, 106, 278
Ringing, 120, 297, 298, 302
Ripple voltage, 131, 133, 137, 150, 194, 292, 297, 299
RMS detector, 229
ROM, 40, 103, 201, 204, 212, 264
Rotating transformer, 154, 228, 231, 244
RTE:
Ireland, 11, 314
transmitters, 15
R/2R network, 217
Saddle yoke, 52
Safety 149, 281
Sample and hold, 194, 196
Sampling, 235
Sandcastle pulse, 97, 126
Satellite:
broadcasting, 21
tuner, 42
Saticon, 59, 60, 66
Saturable reactance, 121
Saturation, 6, 63, 159, 160, 178
Saw filter, 35, 45
Sawtooth, 79, 111, 119, 120, 133
Scan coils, 79, 111, 115, 121, 298
Scan rectification, 123
Scanning, 1, 79, 111, 154
spot, 46, 112, 125, 292
SCART, 278, 308, 312
SCL, 276
S-correction, 122, 298
SDA, 276
Secam, 11, 22, 23, 63, 97, 186
Segmented target, 65
Self-seek tuning, 41, 276
Serial data, 212, 269, 278, 289
Series regulator, 132
Service manual, 188, 191, 207, 303
Servicing, 291
Servo, 80, 193, 260, 262, 263
Shading, 59, 73
Shadowmask, 49
SHF, 21, 29, 42
Shift register, 62, 103, 218
Shock hazard, 281
Schottkey diode, 30, 42
Shunt regulator, 132
Sidebands, 8, 151, 159, 172, 231, 234, 265, 286
Signal:
injector, 291
meter, 289
strength, 308
Simulation, 279
Simulcast, 225
Single chip decoder, 94, 95
Skew error, 251
Slack sensor, 210
Slave, 277, 279 codes, 273
Slow-motion, 204 Small head drums, 166
SMD, 303
SMPSU, 134
S/N ratio, 77, 97, 104, 151, 157, 160, 165, 186, 225, 232, 296
Soft start, 140, 148
Software, 275, 280
Soldering iron, 303
Solenoids, 211, 221, 224
Solid-state image sensor, 62
Sound:
carrier, 29
demodulation, 37, 44 stereo, 10, 154, 225 transmission, 9
Source impedance, 131
Spectrum analyser, 286
Speed control, 195, 200, 263
Spot size, 72
S-R bistable, 200
SSG, 68, 74, 78, 285
Static convergence, 51, 55
Static precautions, 303
Stator, 202
Status line, 82
Step-recovery system, 61, 71
Step-wedge, 286
Stripe:
filter, 69
target, 69
Subcarrier, 6, 63, 65, 78, 89, 184, 265, 286
trap, 93, 94
Substitution, 291, 297, 303
Subtitle, 106
Subtractor, 70
Superhet, 29
Suppressed carrier, 64, 68
Surface-mounted components, 83
Sweep, 189, 250, 284 tuning, 41
Swinging burst, 65, 68, 186 Switch-mode, 133
Synchronising pulse, 3, 118, 138, 151, 164, 168, 171, 185, 286
Synchronous demodulator, 35, 37, 72, 88, 90, 91, 94
Sync separator, 81, 285, 302
Syscon, 208, 264, 279, 288
Systems conversion, 44
TA, 163
"I"ni (14
Tacho pulse, 165, 167, 184, 193 227, 302
Tangential mirror, 260, 263
Tank coil, 37, 256
Tape:
end sensors, 210, 224
guides, 243, 252, 293
loading, 166
Target, 57, 58, 65, 71, 78, 79, 301
Teletext, 28, 85, 101, 276, 296
Tension, 163, 242, 249, 251
Tentelometer, 252
Ternary logic, 218 Test:
bridge, 291
gear, 282
meter, 129, 224, 282, 293 pattern, 286, 301
pattern generator, 285
tape, 188
Threading, 209, 238
Thyristor, 116, 126, 146
TIC, 106
Timebase, 74, 298
Time code, 265
Timer, 210
Tint control, 75, 96
Toggle bit, 270
Toroidal yoke, 52
Torque, 249, 251 gauge, 251
Touch tuning, 33
Track:
configuration, 154 offset, 163
Tracking, 32, 75, 94, 151, 161, 168, 206, 254, 262, 293
control, 199
motor, 263
Transcoder, 98
Transfer characteristic, 159
Transmission line, 28
Transmitter network, 11
Trick replay, 204, 249, 264
Trigger, 285
Trinitron tube, 54
Tripler, 123
TROM, 106
TTL, 81
Tube:
adjustment, 54
tester, 289
Tuner, 29
Tungsten, 75
TV standard, 5
Two-head scanning, 154
DART, 108
UHF, 11, 29, 43
UK transmitters, 12
Ultrasonic, 81
Upper drum, 243, 255
U-signal, 24, 68, 88, 91
U-wrap, 238, 245
tiV/m, 308
Variac, 129, 150
Varicap, 30
Varicap tuning, 32
VCA, 39, 77, 94, 230, 233, 234
VCO, 39, 43, 172, 231, 234
VDD, 224, 225
VD synthesiser, 169, 205
Vectors, 69, 286
Vectorscope, 286
Vestigial sideband, 8
VHF, 11, 27, 29, 45
VHS, 154, 158, 161, 165, 166, 172, 178, 198, 227, 238, 250, 252
VHS-C, 166, 238, 241
Video amplifier, 85
Video-8, 98, 156, 161, 186, 198, 225, 233, 237, 238, 242, 250, 254
Vidicon, 57, 60, 65, 79, 111, 300
Viewdata, 108
Viewfinder, 75, 81, 125, 211
VITS, 101
VIP, 104
Volatile memory, 274
V-signal, 24, 68, 88, 91
VXO, 79, 180, 185
WACK, 106
Wall amode, 46, 57
WARC, 21
Weighting, 68, 92, 94 filter, 230
White, 75, 85
crushing, 295
Wide heads, 168, 205
Width control 122, 128
World TV standards, 11, 17
Wow and flutter, 225
Wristband, 303
Writing:
current, 160, 173, 188, 231 speed, 152
X-amplifier, 284
Yagi, 28, 29, 308
Y-channel, 63
Yoke, 1 1 1
Zener diode, 132, 149
Zenith adjustment, 250
Zoom, 80

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