Last Will & Testament Wills Ancient Modern 1st 1972 HB

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LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT
WILLS, ANCIENT AND MODERN
FRANK THOMAS

DAVID & CHARLES
Newton Abbot

Ex-lib hardback book in G+ condition - 154 printed pages - size: 5¾" x 9" approx
Laminate protected dustwrapper slightly bumped with general shelfwear - ref on spine
Usual stamps / ticket removal / withdrawn stamp - book is clean throughout
Purple & cream boards with gold lettering - all pages clean and binding tight

DUSTWRAPPER:
LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT Wills—Ancient and Modern, famous, historic and odd
FRANK THOMAS
The wills left by great men always have wide interest; so have the wills left by the eccentric and the very rich. Much of the peculiar fascination of wills lies in the long dead emotions that they reveal—love and gratitude, bitterness and hate. Men have used their wills to redress wrongs committed by them, to gain revenge, and—saddest of all-to try to control events after their death.
Many wills were written in times of stress —before a battle or a duel, or in plague years. Here are the wills of Nelson, Wellington and Napoleon, of Aristotle and George Washington (both bequeathed slaves), William the Conqueror, and even a version of Henry Ws will written in verse. Here too are the wills of the
very rich—Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie —and novelists' wills (both real and written in their books). The book ends with a summary of amounts left by famous people between 1863 and 1971. Frank Thomas's entertaining look at wills through the ages is the first book on the subject for many years. It throws fresh—and often surprising—light on some famous and infamous figures of history.

CONTENTS

One Introduction 7
Two Royalty 15
Three Love and Hate 27
Four Lords and Ladies 43
Five Eccentricity 64
Six Great Men 80
Seven Charity 91
Eight Troubled and Troublesome Wills 109
Nine Literary Wills 118

Appendix : Some Estates in England, 141 1863-1971

Bibliography and Acknowledgements 148

Index 149

ONE
INTRODUCTION
Wills have no pattern. They can be long or short, scrawled on an old envelope or prepared by legions of lawyers. They can be businesslike, eccentric, charitable. They can express love or hate, frivolity or reverence. They come in all shapes and sizes. All that is certain is that they try and tell the survivors what the testator wants to be done with his property.
Originally the word 'will' applied to real estate and 'testament' to personal estate, but the word 'will' is now taken to cover both.
Wills go back a long way into history : Sir Flinders Petrie discovered them while excavating Egyptian tombs over 4,500 years old. They are mentioned in the Bible, obliquely : Jacob left Joseph one portion more than his brothers; and the prophet Isaiah told King Hezekiah : 'Thus saith the Lord, Set thine house in order'. As the King was ill at the time, it was as good as suggesting he made a will. Most men and women are not prepared to leave this world without disposing of their property, and the worldly view is that such dispositions save the heir trouble; those who die intestate, however, may unconsciously feel that it is illogical to worry about what happens when one is dead, for 'we brought nothing into this world and it is certain we can take nothing out'. Magna Carta treated intestacy sensibly : If a free man dies intestate, his movable goods are to be distributed by his next of kin and friends under the supervision of the Church. The rights of his debtors are to be preserved.

In thirteenth-century England it was impossible for a testator to will his lands, for his heir succeeded to them automatically; and by the fifteenth century his widow was entitled to a dower of a third of her husband's land. In the early days the wife was also entitled to a third of her husband's chattels, and may even, in some parts of England, have been allowed to will that portion, though generally she owned nothing in her lifetime. After her death, however, her lands would go to her heirs, which were usually but not always her husband's also. The villein could make a will, but his lord could interfere before probate was granted, as his villein's goods were looked on as his.

Custom over a large part of the country laid down that a man's wife and children were entitled to two-thirds of his effects, so he could only leave a third elsewhere; but the law varied throughout the country and by the early eighteenth century, and much earlier in some parts, a man could dispose of his property as he wished. The Wills Act of 1540 allowed the free disposition of freehold land, and the Wills Act of 1837 confirmed (1) that a man might dispose of all he had by will; (2) that the will must be in writing; and (3) that witnesses must not benefit under it. Various acts followed for men in the armed forces, giving them rights like civilians. Through the centuries the law changed from allowing a man to will only about a third of his property to giving him the right to dispose of it all as he wished.
This right was checked by The Inheritance (Family Provision) Act, 1938, which laid down that a surviving widow or widower, unmarried daughter, disabled daughter, infant son (adopted or not), or child in the womb, should not be left penniless. Now, if the Court of Probate thinks insufficient provision has been allowed for their maintenance, it can revise a will accordingly.

Documents such as wills presuppose machinery for carrying them out : executors have to be appointed and wills have to be registered and proved or probated at certain offices set up for the purpose. The ancient Greeks deposited their wills at a public office, and they were signed and sealed in the presence of a magistrate. Solon is said to have inaugurated this practice, as he is said to have originated so many others, in Athens in the sixth century BC. The Romans pierced their wills, tying them with ribbon and adding their seals—a method established in the time of Nero (54-69 AD) to prevent forgery. Inside, the first page, or left-hand tablet, carried the names of the principal heirs and the opposite right-hand page the names of the legatees. Wills were first regulated in Rome as long ago as 450 BC. Anglo-Saxon wills were unusual in that the legatee had a copy as well as the testator.
A difficulty of rich testators in medieval days was in ensuring that their wills were carried out, and there are several wills in Chapter 4 showing that this was frequently accomplished by a disguised bribe in the form of a legacy to a king or some lesser potentate. One of the earliest examples of such bribery was the will of the Celtic king of the Iceni, Prasutagus, who died during the reign of the Emperor Nero. Prasutagus tried to make sure that his wife and children would inherit by making a large legacy to the Emperor, but as soon as he was dead the Romans took over the Iceni lands in East Anglia and ousted the queen and her children. The queen's name was Boudicca, and before she was killed herself she had led a revolt which came little short of destroying Roman rule in Britain.
During the Middle Ages the royal courts, which operated the common law, gradually turned over the administration of wills to the ecclesiastical courts. In England, up to 1858, most wills were probated in ecclesiastical courts, of which the most prominent was the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, though there were 372 altogether in England and Wales. But under the Court of Probate Act 1857 all ecclesiastical jurisdiction over wills was abolished. The number of courts was reduced to forty-one and from that date every will probated had to be filed, at least in copy, with the Principal Registry of the Court of Probate, Somerset House, London.

One of the problems for heirs and executors is finding wills after the testator's death. Sometimes they cannot be found at all, as with Lord St Leonards' (see p115). The will of another nobleman, Lord Hailes, who died in 1792, was found behind the panelling of a wall; in Pickwick Papers Tony Weller found his wife's will in a teapot; another will was found in a clock. The framers of the 1857 Act thought of this possibility and arranged that wills could be left at the Principal Probate Registry at Somerset House, where they would remain sealed until the testator's death; but this service has hardly ever been used, probably because once you have lodged your will with Somerset House, you cannot get it back and alter it if you wish, but have to make a new will instead. So wills are still left lying about in drawers mixed up with letters, in suitcases, or on top of the wardrobe in Aunt Mary's room.
The shortest will of all is supposed to be 'All for Mother', written on an old envelope. It says everything that is necessary : the amount of the estate—`all'—and the name of the legatee—`Mother'. One of the next shortest is positively wordy in comparison : 'Mrs to have all when I die'.
A will did not have to be written : it could be spoken, as long as there were witnesses to swear to it. This book contains several oral or noncupative wills.

Medieval wills and wills dated as late as the eighteenth century generally have a religious preamble, beginning 'In the Name of God, Amen', and continuing in a fairly standard fashion to state that the testator leaves his soul to the mercy and love of God and his body to be buried—and then he states where. Not everyone chose some cathedral, abbey or church; some wished to be buried at sea or have their ashes scattered on the water. Bernard Shaw asked for his ashes to be scattered over his garden, saying he preferred the garden to the cloister; and another country-lover, Thomas Hollis of Dorset, asked to be buried 10ft deep on his farm and the surface ploughed over so that no one should know where he lay. On the other hand, Emerald, Lady Cunard, who died in 1948, was such a confirmed Londoner that her friends scattered her ashes in Grosvenor Square. Robert Louis Stevenson asked to be buried on top of a Samoan mountain, where he still lies, and Thomas Jefferson near the crest of Monticello, Virginia. Cecil Rhodes, who died in 1902, said in his will : 'I admire the grandeur and loneliness of the Matoppos in Rhodesia and therefore I desire to be buried in the Matoppos on the hill which I used to visit and which I called the "View of the World" . .

Lord Camelford, a well known duellist, wished to be buried in Switzerland by the lake at Lampierre, under a tree, which he directed should be dug up and then replaced over his coffin. Sir Charles Hastings asked to be buried somewhere where acorns could be planted over his body, which he hoped would `nourish some good English oaks'. Lady Truro was buried under the lawn of her house Talconhurst' on Shooters Hill, London. Godfrey Winn, the writer who died in 1971 aged sixty-two, asked for his ashes to be scattered over the 'rich red Cotswold earth which has so many childhood memories for me', which was done, as he had asked, by aeroplane. 'England has been very good to me, and I am proud that I was born under the British flag and have lived my life on English soil', he wrote.
Gilbert White of Selborne, the famous naturalist, made the following request in his will :
And lastly to close all I do desire that I may be buried in the Parish Church of Selborne aforesaid in as plain and private a way as possible, without any pall bearers or parade, and that six honest day-labouring men (respect being had to such as have bred up large families) may bear me to my grave, to whom I appoint the sum of ten shillings each for their trouble.

The request for a plain funeral, without mourning or flowers, has been common enough over the years, and one Frenchman even specified a pauper's funeral.
Testators have had fears throughout the ages which they have expressed in their wills. One is the fear of being buried alive. Indeed, there used to be a Society for the Prevention of Premature Burials. Testators have asked the heirs to ensure they were really dead by cutting off one of their fingers, or even their heads, by piercing their hearts, or cremating them. Others have requested that they remain unburied for a period after their deaths (John of Gaunt specified forty days) in case they recover. There is a story of a woman who was buried with a ring on her finger and on the night after her burial her butler came to her family vault to steal it. It was rather tight and, as he was trying to remove it, she woke up ! The butler fled and she made her way back to her house in her grave clothes, and lived happily for many more years.

Another source of trial for testators is the trustworthiness of their executors. An attempt was made to ensure this in the Statute of Distribution of 1670. It has been said, if one is charitably inclined, that it is better to distribute what one has to leave in one's lifetime than rely on one's heirs to do it. There is an old proverb which says, 'Three executors make three thieves' and a cynical poem in an old volume called Weever's Funeral Monuments about those left behind :

Man, thee behoveth of to have this in mind,
That thow geveth wyth thin hond, that sail thow fynd. For widowes be sloful, and chyldren beth unkynd, Executors beth covetos, and kep al they fynd.
If eny body ask wher the deddys goodys becam,
They answer
So god help me and Halidam, he died a poor man.

Sometimes wills are ineffective because there is insufficient left for the bequests to be carried out. One testator left a bequest to build a hospital to 'maintain ancient maids', but the amount left was so small that Dr Johnson recommended that the word 'maintain' should be replaced by the word 'starve'.
Sometimes wills fail also because the bequests are against the law. There is no way in law of enforcing the dead man's wishes for the disposal of his body, except for anatomical pur. poses; bequests of money whose interest is to be spent on keeping up a grave are not allowable; and since 1835 gifts to priests to say prayers or masses for one's soul or for the souls of others have been termed 'a superstitious trust' and are void. So there can now be no more of those splendid medieval wills of great lords or ladies specifying 'ten thousand masses to be said for my soul and for the souls of all Christians in the fourteen days following my death'. Why the law interfered in this matter, which surely cannot concern it, is beyond understanding.
Possibly the greatest fear among testators, however, is that they will not be remembered; and so, many of them have left instructions for certain deeds to be performed or certain charitable distributions to be made yearly in order that their names will live on. The legacy of marriage portions to young women who lacked them was common in the Middle Ages and this custom continued to the eighteenth century in the will of Richard Sumption in 1775, who left £1,000 worth of 3 per cent consols whose income was to be distributed at £10 a time to poor young women of Wilton in Wiltshire.
Testators are entitled to their whims and eccentricities before setting out on an unknown journey. Vanity, too, is excusable. Mrs Anna Oldfield, an actress who was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1730, was very vain of her appearance. She was called Miss Nancy, from which incidentally we get the word `nancies' for effeminate persons. In her will she was careful to order that she should be buried in her best gown, wearing her finest lace, and looking her best. Alexander Pope quotes her as remarking to her maid :
One would not sure be frightful when one's dead, And—Betty—give this cheek a little red.
Finally, two books on wills, the first by Henry Swinburne in 1677 and the second by a 'Gentleman of the Law' in 1744, make the following observation in almost the same words :
He that is overcome with Liquor, during the time of his Drunkenness is compared to a Madman, and therefore if he make his testament at that time, it is void in law; which is to be understood when he is so excessive drunk that he is utterly deprived of the Use of Reason and Understanding; otherwise if he be not quite spent, although his understanding be obscured, and his Memory troubled, yet he may make his Testament in that Case.
A breathalyser might have been useful.

INDEX
Addison, Joseph, 114, 122
Adolphus, Emma, 116, 117
Agincourt, Battle of, 20
Alexander the Great, 80
Androcles and the Lion, Shaw's. 139, 140
Animals in wills, 38-42
Antony, Mark, 119
Aristotle, 80-1
Arthur de Bretagne, 51, 52
Arthur, Prince, 56
Arundel, Earl of, 49, 50
As You Like It, quoted, 120
Augustus (Octavius), Emperor, 8182, 119
Austen, Jane, 130
Baliol, John, 43
Barber, Francis, 37, 127, 128-9, 130
Bardolph, Lord, 50
Barkley, Sir William, 30
Bart, Dudley, 62
Bathurst, Col, 129, 130
Becket, Thomas, 16
Bedford, John, Duke of, 20
Bentham, Jeremy, 73
Betton, Thomas, 99
Bevill, Sir Robert, 28
Bible, the, 7
Birkenhead, first Earl of, 85
Black Death, 109
Black Prince, Edward, the, 43-4, 45
Blackerly, Edward, 110
Blanch of Lancaster, 46, 47
Boccaccio, 118
Bohemia, Elizabeth, Queen of, 62, 63
Boleyn, Ann, 56
Boleyn, Sir Thomas, 56
Booth, John Wilkes, 89
Bosworth Field, 22
Boudicca, Queen, 9
Browne, Richard, 39
Browning, Robert, 137
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, 59-60
Budgell, Eustace, 114
Bundy, McGeorge, 107
Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 59
Burnard, Richard, 58
Butler, George, 95-6
Caesar, Julius, 119
Calvert, Raisley, 132
Camelford, Lord, 11
Canterbury, Archbishops of,
Courtenay, William, 51, 52
Laud, William, 61, 62
Sudbury, Simon, 52
Warham, William, 55, 56
Canterbury,
Cathedral, 20, 43
Prerogative Court of, 10, 135, 136
Carnegie, Andrew, 103, 104-16
Caroline of Brunswick, 25-6
Catherine de Medici, 58
Catherine of France, 20, 22
Caxton, William, 52
Chambord, Comte de, 38
Chancery, Court of, 100, 112, 114, 115, 132
Chantrey, Sir Francis, 101
Charles I, 59, 61, 64
Charles II, 62
Charles V, Emperor, 24
Chesterfield, Lord, 35, 40
Cheyney, Dr Thomas, 65
Christopher, Alice, 27, 28
Churchill, Sir Winston, 85, 86
Clare, Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady,48, 51
Clarence, George, Duke of, 53
Clarendon, Sir Roger de, 44
Clay, Henry, 88-9
Clement VI, Pope, 71
Cleyne, Aleyne, 44
Clifford, Sir Lewis, 50
Cobham, Lady Joan de, 48
Colevile, Agnes de, 113
Compton, Sir William, 55-6
Conord, Maman, 38
Constance, wife of John of Gaunt, 45, 46
Cooke, John, 97
Cooper, Mary, 117
Corby, Roger de, 113
Coward, John, 39
Cox, William Sands, 101
(Crabbe, Rev George, his poem The Will', 122-4
Craven, Earl of, 62-3
Cremation, 71-2
Cromwell, Oliver, 61, 62
Cunard, Emerald, Lady, 11
Curies, the, 92
Curll, Edmund, 124-6
D'Aligre, Marquis, 34
Dane's Moor, Battle of, 53
David Copperfield, Dickens', 135-6
quoted, 132-3
De la Warr, Mary, Dowager Countess, 32
De Coverly, Sir Roger, 122
Denbigh, Earl of, 61
Devil's Disciple, The, Shaw's, 39
Devon,
Hugh Courtenay, Earl of, 50
Margaret, Countess of, 48, 50-2
Dickens, Charles, 132, 136-7
Dilke, Fisher, 64-5
Doctors' Commons, 135-6
Donne, John, 121-2
Drake, Sir Francis, 59, 82
Drunkenness, and will-making, 14
Dunant, Robert, 37-8
Dupuis, Madame, 40
Edmund of Woodstock, 44
Edward I, 19, 44, 48, 50
Edward II, 19-20, 48
Edward III, 20, 44, 45, 48, 49
Edward IV, 21, 22, 23, 53, 94
Edward VI, 23, 24, 25, 55
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 16
Eliot, T. S., 92
Elizabeth I, 24, 57, 58, 59, 90, 98
Elizabeth of York, 21, 22
Erasmus, 95, 118
Eton, foundation of, 21
Executors, 12
Exeter, John Holland, Duke of, 44
Fairfax, Lord, 61
Fawkes, Guy, 59
Felton, John, 59
Fitzherbert, Mrs Maria Anne, 26
Flodden Field, 47
Ford, Edsel, 106
Ford Foundation, 106-7
Ford, Henry, 106
Foundations, American, 103-8
Fox, Charles James, 69
Franklin, Benjamin, 86, 88
Frampton, Robert, 31
Frampton, Walter, 35
Froissart, Sir John, 19
Fuller, Thomas, 25
Funeral Monuments, Weever's, 12
Garter, Order of the, 55
Gaunt, John of, 12, 22, 45-7
George I, 25
George II, 25, 124
George IV, 25, 26
George V, 139
George, John, 33
Gillam, Samuel, 67-8
Gloucester,
Humphrey, Duke of, 20
Robert, Earl of, 16
Thomas, Duke of, 52
Godfrey, Sir Edmund Bury, 97-8
Grammont, Claude Charlotte de, 31
Greensill, Nancy, 37
Grey, Lady Jane, 24, 25, 57
Grobbe, Edward, 93
Grover, John, 110
Guildford, Sir Henry, 56
Hailes, Lord, 10
Hamilton, Emma, Lady, 82, 83
Hardel, Robert, 112
Hastings, Sir Charles, 11
Hathaway, Anne, 118
Haute, William, 94
Hawkins, Sir John, 82
Hay, Sir George, 129, 130
Henry I, 15, 16
Henry II, 16-18
Henry III, 19, 49
Henry IV, 20, 47, 49, 52
Henry V, 20, 52
Henry V, the Lion, Duke of Saxony, 18
Henry V, quoted, 53
Henry VI, 19, 20-1, 22, 23, 53
Henry VII, 21, 22-3, 47, 57
Henry VIII, 22, 23-4, 25, 51, 54, 55, 56
Hereford,
Elizabeth, Countess of, 50
Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of, 48 Heriot, 40
Hewes, Margaret, 62
Heyrun, Alexander, 113
Hezekiah, King, 7
Hickington, William, 75-6
History of the Long Parliament,
Thomas May's, 62
Hollis, Thomas, 11
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 72
Hook, Major, 70-1
Hopkins, Johns, 102
Hospitallers, the, 17
Houston, Sam, 35-6
Howard, Lord Edward, 54-5
Howards End, E. M. Forster's,137-8
Hundred Years' War, 20
Hungerford, Joane, Lady, 48
Husting, Court of, 93, 113
Ironmongers' Company, 99, 100
Isabella, daughter of Earl of Pembroke, 43
Isaiah, 7
Jackson, Jonathan, 40
Jacob, 7
James I, 24, 58, 59
James II, 28, 29, 31
James IV of Scotland, 24, 47
Jefferson, Thomas, 11, 88
Jenkins, Amelia, 116
Jerusalem, Kingdom of, 17, 18
Joan of Acre, 48 Joan of Arc, 20, 90
Joan of Kent, Princess of Wales,44-5
John, King, 18, 19
Johnson, Dr Samuel, 13, 35, 37,126-8, 129, 130
Jones, Charles, 96-7
Joseph, 7
Julius Caesar, quoted, 119
Juxon, Bishop, 101
Katharine of Aragon, 24-5, 56
Kent,
Thomas I, Earl of, 44, 45
Thomas II, Earl of, 44, 45
King's College, Cambridge,
foundation of, 21, 22
Kinsett, William, 71-2
Klaes, of Rotterdam, 73
Labadie, Jean de, 68
Lamb, Charles, 131-2
Lancaster,
Henry, Duke of, 46, 49
Thomas, Earl of, 48
See also Gaunt, John of Lawrence, T. E., of Arabia, 86
Leech, Edna and Joan, 39
Le Gras, Stephen, 93
Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 57
Leo XIII, Pope, 105
Liberia, 89
Lincoln, Abraham, 89
Lloyd George, David, 85-6
Lollards, the, 50, 52
London Bridge, bequests for repair of, 93
Louis XII, of France, 23, 55
Louis XIII, of France, 60
Louis XVI, of France, 86
Louis Philippe, of France, 84
Ludgate prison, 46   Mabank, Henry, 111
Magna Carta, 7-8
Mann, Sir Horace, 112
Manny, Sir Walter, 45
March, Earl of, 53
Margaret of Anjou, 19, 21
Marney, Bridget, Lady, 57
Marriage portions, 13, 51
Martinett, Daniel, 66-7
Mary I, 24, 57, 58
Mary Queen of Scots, 58
Mason, Perry, 74
Masses, 13, 48
Mathews, Richard, 31-2
Matilda, daughter of Henry I, 16
Maximilian, Archduke, 54
May, Thomas, 61, 62
Mellent and Leicester, Robert, Earl of, 43
Merchant of Venice, The, 119;
quoted, 120
Mildmay, Henry, 61
Millington, Francis, 98
Mitchell, Thomas Alexander, 73-4
Monasteries, dissolution of the, 51
Monroe, James, 89
Montaigne, Sieur de, 120-1
Morgan, J.P., 105
Mountjoy, Walter Blount, Lord, 94-5
Mountstephen, Francis, 109-10
Napoleon, 83-4
Napoleon III, 38
Nelson, Horatio, Viscount, 82-3, 98
Nero, Emperor, 9
Newgate prison, 46, 93-4
Nicolas, N. H., 28, 136
Nightingale, Florence, 90
Nobel, Alfred Bernard, 91
Nobel Prizes, 91-2
Norfolk, Thomas, second Duke of, 47, 54
Normandy,
Richard the Fearless, Duke of, 62
Robert, Duke of, 15, 16, 18
Northampton, Elizabeth, Countess of, 49
Northumberland,
Duchess of, 57
Duke of, 24, 25
Nuffield Foundation, 91
Nuffield, Lord, 91
Oates, Titus, 98
Oldfield, Anna, 13-14
Orwell, George, 140
Otto IV, Emperor, 18
Paine, Tom, 69
Palgrave, F. T., 137
Parr, Katherine, 24
Peabody, George, 102
Peasants' Revolt, 52
Pembroke,
fourth Earl of, 61-2
William Herbert, Earl of, 53-4
Penn, Sir William, 29, 30
Pepys, Samuel, 29-30
Petrarch, 118
Petrie, Sir Flinders, 7
Phalansterians, the, 34
Philip II, of Spain, 24
Philippa, Queen, 49
Pickwick Papers, Dickens', 10
quoted, 134, 135
Pineido, of Amsterdam, 100-101
Pitt, William, the Younger, 69
Plato, 80
Pleistede, Thomas, 53
Poltzmarz, Stanislas, 36
Pope, Alexander, 14, 72, 124
on Edmund Curll, 124-6
Prasutagus, King, 9, 55
Pratt, Mrs, 72
Pride, Col, 61, 62
Probate, Court of, 8, 115, 140
Principal Registry, 10, 115
Pym, William, 28-9
Rabelais, 121
Rae, Mrs Vera, 41
Raglan, Lord, 85
Redding, Mrs Maria, 70
Redman, John, 69
Reed, John, 71
Relics, 23, 49, 50, 88, 94, 101
Resolution, the, 30
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 127, 128
Rhodes, Cecil, 11
Rhyming Chronicle, Peter Langtoft's, 17, 18
Richard I, the Lionheart, 18-19, 43
Richard II, 20, 44, 45, 49, 50, 52
Richard III, 21, 22
Richelieu, Cardinal, 60
Rist, Mrs Lisetta, 41
Rockefeller, John D., Jr, 104
Rockefeller, John D., Sr, 103, 104, 106
Rockefeller philanthropies, 103-4
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 89-90
Roses, Wars of the, 20, 53
RSPCA, 42
Ruffell, William, 77
Rupert, Prince, 62
St Leonards, Lord, 10, 115-16, 134
St Paul's Cathedral, 46, 115
St Swithin, 62
St Yves, 71
Saladin, 18
Salesbury, Gefferey, 109
Salisbury, Thomas Montacute, Earl of, 44
Salters, Worshipful Company of, 64
Sanborn, S., 72
Sansum, Rear-Adm Robert, 30
Say, William Heron, Lord, 49
Saye, Lord, 61
Sense and Sensibility, Jane Austen's, 120, 130
quoted, 131
Seymour, Jane, 23
Shakespeare, William, 21, 118
Shaw, George Bernard, 11, 92, 138-40
Simpson, Warren, 72
Sixtini, John, 95
Slaves,
legacy for redemption of, 99-100
willing of, 80, 81, 86-9
Sluys, Battle of, 49
Smith, Dr Southwood, 73
Smith, Sarah, 77-9
Smithson, James, 101, 102
Smithsonian Institution, 101-2
Smollett, Tobias, 129-30
Society for the Prevention of Premature Burials, 12
Solon, 9
Somerset House, London, 10, 115
South, Sir James, 41
Stafford,
Henry, Earl of, 30-1 Lord, 44
Stanhope, Philip, 135
Stephen, King, 16
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 11, 137
Stoke, Battle of, 57
Stow, John, 56
Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, 24, 45, 54, 55
Sumption, Richard, 13
Swinburne, Henry, 14
Swiney, Monica, 76-7
Swynford, Catherine, 46
Templars, the, 17
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 137
Teryngham, John, 113-14
Testament, defined, 7
Testamenta Vetusta, N. H.
Nicolas', 28, 136
Thomas, Lt-Col Frederick, 112
Three Musketeers, The,Dumas', 59
Tiberius, Emperor, 82
Times, The, 91
Tindal, Matthew, 114
Tindal, Nicholas, 114
Tolam, Dennis, 67
Tooke, Home, 69
Trethurfe, Thomas, 27-8
True Animal Stories, E. R. Delderfield's, 41
Truro, Lady, 11
Tudor, Edmund, Earl of Richmond, 22
Tudor, Margaret, 24
Tudor, Mary, daughter of Henry VII, 24, 55
Tudor, Owen, 22
Tuke, Mr, of Wath, 69-70
Turner, J. M. W., 114-15
Underwood, John, 65-6
Vansittart, Henry, 66, 67
Vaux, Nicholas, Lord, 56
Victoria, Queen, 102
Vincent, John, 29
Virgil, 118
Vyvyan, John, 27, 28
Wakring, John, 30
Wall, Matthew, 96
Walpole, Horace, 112
Walsham, Sir Robert de, 44
Walsingham, Sir Francis, 58
Wardall, John, 97
Wardlaw-Milne, Sir John, 92
Warwick, Earl of, the Kingmaker, 53
Washington, George, 86-7, 88
Weller, Sam, 134, 135
Weller, Tony, 10, 134, 135
Wellington, first Duke of, 26, 84-5
Wells, H. G., 34
Wentworth, Sir Peter, 64
Westminster Abbey, 19, 21, 23, 90
Henry VII Chapel, 22
White, Gilbert, 11-12
Whittington, Richard, 93-4
Wilkes, John, 129, 130
Wiliam, son of Henry I, 16
William I, the Conqueror, 15, 22
William II, 15-16
Williamsburg, Virginia, 104
Wills,
Acts concerning, 8, 10, 12, 68
ancient, 7-9
animals in, 38-42
defined, 7
forged, 114, 116-17
machinery for carrying out, 9
noncupative, 10, 111
plague years', 109-11
servants in, 37-8
short, 10
verse, 74-9
Winchester,
Bishop of (1759), 68
Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of, 57-8
Winn, Godfrey, 11
Wolsey, Cardinal, 47
Woodville, Elizabeth, 21
Wordsworth, William, 132
Wortley Montagu, Edward, 63
Wortley Montagu, Lady Mary, 63
Wyclif, John, 50
York,
Edmund, Duke of, 46, 52
Edward, Duke of, 52-3
James, Duke of, see James II

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