KINESIOLOGY physical therapy biomechanics anatomy sport

BIOMECHANICS, KINESIOLOGY AND
PHYSICAL THERAPY
study of systems and forces       350 pages
on cd, printer friendly


Kinesiology, as well as being a complementary therapy in its own right, can be applied with very positive results to any therapy or walk of life. The word kinesiology comes from the Greek word kinesis meaning motion.  In the medical sciences the term kinesiology refers to the study of the movement of the body whereas here it refers to a whole field of health care which uses muscle movement in the form of muscle testing. Kinesiology spans the full spectrum of health and healing from its application in the more physical therapies such as chiropractic and nutrition to the emotional therapies and more subtle domain of healing and energy work.  It is practiced world wide by doctors, dentists, chiropractors, osteopaths, naturopathy, physiotherapists, nutritionists, counselors, educators, healers and is applied in almost every branch of alternative and complementary medicine.   It is also used by  athletes, performers and business people.  A system of kinesiology called Touch for Health provides self help health enhancement for lay people and has over the last twenty years been experienced by well over two million people in forty two countries. 


Lab Topics
Lecture Topic
Introduction to study of movement control, body segments and masses
Naming human movement

Joint structure
Forces and vectors
Moments
Muscle anatomy & function
Biomechanics of the knee
Biomechanics of the hip
Biomechanics of the ankle
Muscle synergies
Biomechanics of the subtalar joint
Biomechanics of the intervertebral joints
Biomechanics of standing posture
Exercise to increase endurance
Exercise to increase strength
Exercise prescription and specificity
Interactions among LE joints
Motor teaching and motor learning
Gait kinematics: human gait as an integrated movement pattern
Gait kinetics 1: ground reaction forces and the normal walking pattern
Gait kinetics 2 : using ground reaction forces to understand gait deficits

Introduction to the study of human walking
Biomechanics of lifting
Biomechanics of respiration
Arthrokinematics
Overview of the upper extremity
Biomechanics of the shoulder girdle complex
Biomechanics of the wrist
Biomechanics of the elbow and radioulnar joints
Biomechanics of the hand
Biomechanics of the thumb
Energy and power during the gait cycle
Changes in the gait pattern across the lifespan
Principles of lower extremity orthotics: The AFO
Orthotic management of structural foot deformities

Body segments and masses
Planes and axes of motion
Knee anatomy and function
Calculating forces and moments
Hip anatomy and function
Ankle anatomy and function
Trunk movement patterns
Assessment of standing posture

Lifting
Thoracic and cervical spines
Shoulder anatomy and function 1
Shoulder anatomy and function 2
Wrist and hand anatomy and function
Upper extremity anatomy and function

Understanding Control of Human Movement; the Science of Kinesiology
l Physiology of exercise
l Neural basis of movement
l Psychology of movement
l Biomechanics

Muscle length, soft tissue properties, and joint motion
Exercise to increase flexibility
Tissue forces: problems in pathokinesiology
Functional exercise prescription
Biomechanics of hand and wrist
Assessing and retraining proximal movement during walking

Observational gait analysis
Retraining of disordered gait
Stride analysis
Orthotic management of structural foot deformities

MUSCLE ANATOMY AND FUNCTION
1. MUSCLE ACTION
2. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF MUSCLE FORCE REQUIRED
3. HOW DOES A MUSCLE "KNOW" HOW MUCH FORCE IS REQUIRED?
4. HOW DOES A MUSCLE MEET CHANGING FORCE REQUIREMENTS?
5. WHAT ELSE AFFECTS A MUSCLE'S FORCE PRODUCTION?
6. EMG PATTERNS OF AGONIST VS ANTAGONIST

INTRODUCTION TO THE HIP (ILIOFEMORAL) JOINT
l Axes of motion
l Arthrokinematics
l Ligamentous restraint
l Hip biomechanics and the control of posture

Biomechanics of the intervertebral joints
1. Regional vertebral anatomy
l spinal regions
l terminology for spinal curves
2. Individual vertebral anatomy
3. Intervertebral joints l joint structure
l axes of motion and joint movements
l movements available in the various spinal regions
4. Sacroiliac (SI) joint
5. Ligamentous restraint on spinal motions
6. Forces

Steps in a biomechanical analysis of lifting
1. Choose a frame of reference
2. Evaluate gravitational forces during lifting
3. Evaluate moments associated with the gravitational forces
4. Evaluate opposing muscular forces and moments
5. Evaluate forces’ effect at joint surface
6. Explain how we minimize compressive forces when we lift heavy loads?
7. Include the effects of modifying intra-abdominal pressure

Biomechanics of respiration
1. The bottom line
2. Intrathoracic volume and pressure
3. Thoracic anatomy
4. Thoracic movement during inspiration and expiration
5. Muscles of respiration
6. The diaphragm

Arthrokinematics (contrasted with osteokinematics)
l Osteokinematics
gross movements of bones at joints
l flexion / extension
l abduction / adduction
l internal rotation / external rotation
l Arthrokinematics
small amplitude motions of bones at joint surface
l roll
l glide (or slide)
l spin

Overview of the upper extremity
JOINT AXES OF MOTION
SHOULDER
GLENOHUMERAL
STERNOCLAVICULAR
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR
SCAPULOTHORACIC
ELBOW (HUMERO-ULNAR)
RADIO-ULNAR
WRIST
FIRST CARPO-METACARPAL
METACARPOPHALANGEAL (MP)
PROX. INTERPHALANGEAL (PIP)
DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL (DIP)

Shoulder girdle
consists of three synovial articulations
1. GLENOHUMERAL (GH) joint
2. STERNOCLAVICULAR (SC) joint
3. ACROMIOCLAVICULAR (AC) joint
and a fourth "functional" articulation, the SCAPULOTHORACIC joint, which is not a true
anatomical joint
l Scapulothoracic movements
l Scapulohumeral rhythm
Muscles of the shoulder girdle
Summary of shoulder girdle movements during shoulder elevation

WRIST JOINT COMPLEX
l Axes and motions
l Review: Bones of the wrist
l Arthrokinematics
l Muscles that move the wrist
l Examples of muscle synergies in wrist function
l Carpal tunnel

Biomechanics of the hand

Outline
l Types of grasp
l Arches of the hand
l Functional position of the hand
l Joints of the hand
l Mechanism for finger flexion
l Mechanism for finger extension; the extensor mechanism
l Muscles that transmit force to the extensor mechanism
l How does the extensor mechanism work?
l Clinical appearance of peripheral nerve injuries in the hand
l Internet links related to the hand

CALCULATING FORCES AND MOMENTS

l Approach to the study of functional anatomy
l General biomechanical principles
l Advanced biomechanical principles
l Lower extremity
l Intervertebral joints and trunk
l Biomechanics of lifting
l Walking
l Upper extremity

Muscle length, soft tissue properties, and joint motion

EXERCISE TO INCREASE FLEXIBILITY

Retraining of disordered gait